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Actors: Terence Hill, Bud Spencer, Yanti Somer, Enzo Tarascio. IMDB: 7. 3 (9,1. 06 Votes). A couple of two- bit thieving brothers try and keep a promise to their dying father: stick together and become successful outlaws. Bambino reluctantly agrees to show younger Trinity the ropes, but their gentle demeanors tend to diminish their haul by repeatedly helping the selfsame family they initially held up. Fun ensues in town and at the local Spanish mission where they are taken for federal agents, mistakenly so identified by Trinity's young love interest, daughter of the aforementioned family. Trinity is STILL my Name/Trinity is STILL my Name. Translation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source- language text by means of an equivalent target- language text. There exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. On the other hand, spill- overs have imported useful source- language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated. The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term . The Slavic and Germanic languages (except in the case of the Dutch equivalent, . The ancient Greeks distinguished between metaphrase (literal translation) and paraphrase. This distinction was adopted by English poet and translator. John Dryden (1. 63. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre- Classical Rome, and the 1. The grammatical differences between . English, French, German) and . Thanks in great measure to the exchange of calques and loanwords between languages, and to their importation from other languages, there are few concepts that are . However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel (. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an artist. The main ground seems to be the concept of parallel creation found in critics such as Cicero. Dryden observed that . In the 1. 3th century, Roger Bacon wrote that if a translation is to be true, the translator must know both languages, as well as the science that he is to translate; and finding that few translators did, he wanted to do away with translation and translators altogether. Kelly states that since Johann Gottfried Herder in the 1. The Scottish historian Alexander Tytler, in his Essay on the Principles of Translation (1. The same point, but also including listening to the spoken language, had earlier, in 1. Polish poet and grammarian. Onufry Andrzej Kopczy. The Western traditions draw on both ancient and medieval traditions, and on more recent European innovations. Though earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today, they retain importance when dealing with their products, as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non- Western or pre- Western environments. Also, though heavily influenced by Western traditions and practiced by translators taught in Western- style educational systems, Chinese and related translation traditions retain some theories and philosophies unique to the Chinese tradition. Near East. An early example of a bilingual document is the 1. BCE Treaty of Kadesh. There is a separate tradition of translation in South, Southeast and East Asia (primarily of texts from the Indian and Chinese civilizations), especially connected with the rendering of religious, particularly Buddhist, texts and with the governance of the Chinese empire. Classical Indian translation is characterized by loose adaptation, rather than the closer translation more commonly found in Europe, and Chinese translation theory identifies various criteria and limitations in translation. In the East Asian sphere of Chinese cultural influence, more important than translation per se has been the use and reading of Chinese texts, which also had substantial influence on the Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese languages, with substantial borrowings of vocabulary and writing system. Notable is the Japanese kanbun, a system for glossing Chinese texts for Japanese speakers. Though Indianized states in Southeast Asia often translated Sanskrit material into the local languages, the literate elites and scribes more commonly used Sanskrit as their primary language of culture and government. Islamic world. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic. It later focused on translating classical Greek and Persian works, as well as some Chinese and Indian texts, into Arabic for scholarly study at major Islamic learning centers, such as the Al- Karaouine (Fes, Morocco), Al- Azhar (Cairo, Egypt), and the Al- Nizamiyya of Baghdad. In terms of theory, Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions. Arabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the Renaissance, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosophical works of Arab and oriental origins. Arabic and, to a lesser degree, Persian became important sources of material and perhaps of techniques for revitalized Western traditions, which in time would overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions. In the 1. 9th century, after the Middle East's Islamic clerics and copyistshad conceded defeat in their centuries- old battle to contain the corrupting effects of the printing press, . Along with expanding secular education, printing transformed an overwhelmingly illiterate society into a partly literate one. In the past, the sheikhs and the government had exercised a monopoly over knowledge. Now an expanding elite benefitted from a stream of information on virtually anything that interested them. Between 1. 88. 0 and 1. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed skepticism, writes Christopher de Bellaigue, . No longer was legitimate knowledge defined by texts in the religious schools, interpreted for the most part with stultifying literalness. It had come to include virtually any intellectual production anywhere in the world. Spencer's view of society as an organism with its own laws of evolution paralleled Abduh's ideas. A 1. 7th- century French critic coined the phrase . The two qualities are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The criteria for judging the fidelity of a translation vary according to the subject, type and use of the text, its literary qualities, its social or historical context, etc. The criteria for judging the transparency of a translation appear more straightforward: an unidiomatic translation . Translators of literary, religious or historic texts often adhere as closely as possible to the source text, stretching the limits of the target language to produce an unidiomatic text. A translator may adopt expressions from the source language in order to provide . In his seminal lecture . Schleiermacher favored the latter approach; he was motivated, however, not so much by a desire to embrace the foreign, as by a nationalist desire to oppose France's cultural domination and to promote German literature. Current Western translation practice is dominated by the dual concepts of . This has not always been the case, however; there have been periods, especially in pre- Classical Rome and in the 1. Adapted translation retains currency in some non- Western traditions. The Indian epic, the Ramayana, appears in many versions in the various Indian languages, and the stories are different in each. Similar examples are to be found in medieval Christian literature, which adjusted the text to local customs and mores. Equivalence. The latter expressions are associated with the translator Eugene Nida and were originally coined to describe ways of translating the Bible, but the two approaches are applicable to any translation. On the contrary, they represent a spectrum of translation approaches. Each is used at various times and in various contexts by the same translator, and at various points within the same text . Competent translation entails the judicious blending of functional and formal equivalents. But the results of such reverse- translation operations, while useful as approximate checks, are not always precisely reliable. He published his back- translation in a 1. English- language original, the French translation, and a . The latter included a synopsized adaptation of his story that Twain stated had appeared, unattributed to Twain, in a Professor Sidgwick. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1. Portions of the original French- language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1. French copy, now lost. French- language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French- language fragments and on French- language versions that have been back- translated from Chojecki. This seems clear evidence that these tales (or at least large portions of them) were originally written in Low German and translated into High German by an over- metaphrastic translator. Similarly, supporters of Aramaic primacy. A language is not merely a collection of words and of rules of grammar and syntax for generating sentences, but also a vast interconnecting system of connotations and cultural references whose mastery, writes linguist. Mario Pei, . Viewed in this light, it is a serious misconception to assume that a person who has fair fluency in two languages will, by virtue of that fact alone, be consistently competent to translate between them. Translation, like other arts, inescapably involves choice, and choice implies interpretation. I may tell you (in French) that in my opinion . Il s'agit donc de trouver les . And there, my dear, I beg you to let yourself be guided more by your temperament than by a strict conscience... Scott Moncrieff's English translation of Marcel Proust's .
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